Metapopulation dynamics and conservation genetic management of hornbills in Thailand: implications for wildlife trade monitoring and reintroduction

Restoration of population sizes and habitat connectivity are the primary strategies for improving population abilities to adapt and persist in changing landscapes. Small and isolated populations are vulnerable to local extinction due to reductions in genetic diversity and fitness. Assisted gene flow via reintroduction can counteract impacts of genetic stochasticity and minimize extinction risks due to the loss of genetic diversity. In Southeast Asia, however, reintroduction programs are poorly monitored. Moreover, genetic databases are not well-integrated into identifying populations at risk and prioritizing conservation actions. The Great Hornbill and Oriental Pied Hornbill are globally threatened by habitat loss and poaching for pet trade and ornaments. From 2015-2021, both species were among the two most trafficked hornbills in Southeast Asia, however, source populations of confiscated individuals and impacts of fragmentation on population genetic diversity are mostly unknown. Here, we will collaborate with local communities and NGO partners to 1) develop a genetic profile of wild and captive Great and Oriental-pied Hornbills, 2) assist law enforcement by tracing the origin of confiscated hornbills, 3) identify populations at risk and develop recommendations for monitoring reintroduction and its success. This approach could improve our ability to monitor status of other wide-ranging species.