Simulation-based Comparative Study of EV Energy Consumption and Effects on the Lithium-ion Battery Aging under Different Driving Cycles

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) used in electric vehicles (EVs) undergo capacity degradation primarily influenced by charge and discharge currents (C-rates) during acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle, as well as the operating temperature. Therefore, this study aims to comprehensively investigation single cell of LiFePO4 capacity degradation resulting from different driving patterns, which exhibit diverse average speeds and acceleration profiles representing various daily usage scenarios. Additionally, the electrical energy required from the auxiliary unit has been considered. To achieve this, the battery current profiles are necessary and calculated using a forward-facing simulation implemented in AUTONOMIE. Since this software is a MATLAB Simulink-based, allowed to use the Simscape battery model which enables 2-RC battery dynamics simulation by configuring the lookup tables of the equivalent circuit parameters. The driving traffic representing city, combined, and highway are captured by the JC08, WLTP3B, and US06
standard cycles, respectively. The cycling aging of the battery over an equivalent year is computed using an empirical aging model that accounts for the C-rates, battery cycles, and temperature effects. This model can predict the capacity loss with an error less than 5% compared to the data from the experiment in previous literature. In addition, the calendar aging is incorporated into the battery degradation model. The results shown city, combined, and highway driving consumed energy approximately 199.74 Wh/km., 237.13 Wh/km., and 292.1 Wh/km. respectively. The prediction of EV usable lifetime on city, combined, and highway driving are 6.6, 5, and 3.5 year respectively based-on assumption in this work. The findings can
be utilized to estimate the lifetime of EV battery under various usage conditions.