The progress in tissue engineering of cervix

Cervical abnormalities and diseases are a major concern for the population, health, and well-being, as well as society in general, with cervical cancer at the top of the list. Cervical cancer will be the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide in 2022, according to the World Health Organization, with 604,000 new cases and 324,000 deaths in 2020, accounting for approximately 90% of new cases and deaths worldwide, attributed to low- to middle-income countries (World Health Organisation, 2022). Every year, approximately 3200 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in the United Kingdom (2016e18) (Cancer Research UK, 2020). An estimated 14,100 cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the United States, with 690 deaths (Society, 2022). The process of developing functional replacement tissue for the cervix, a component of the reproductive system of females that is situated at the lower end of the uterus, is known as cervical tissue engineering (TE). This field has the potential to improve treatments for conditions like cervical cancer, which frequently necessitates cervix removal, resulting in complications like infertility, incontinence, and decreased sexual function. TE techniques have produced promising results for the repair and replacement of degenerated or defective cervixes (Mabrouk et al., 2020). An effective TE (TE) process should be made up of a combination of scaffolds, growth factors (GFs), and cells. They must also be capable of replacing the damaged tissue and performing as or imitating the native tissue. The use of GFs and exogenous materials with the main purpose of speeding up and improving the body’s healing processes may improve tissue conditions. Materials whose properties mimic those of the extracellular matrix (ECM) have been used for a long time and provide additional benefits in addition to providing physical structure. Biomimetic materials can enhance healing processes in all individuals as well as transport biomolecules such as GF, which promote the growth of cells. Initially, scaffolds were thought to be only essential for the physical support of cells; however, they can now be packed with biological factors to aid the regeneration and rehabilitation of tissues (Mabrouk et al., 2020)