The impact of carbon nanoparticles derived from sucrose, glucose, and fructose precursors on the performance of fully printed perovskite solar cells

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have emerged as promising biomaterials with applications in energy harvesting devices such as nanogenerators, photovoltaic devices, and electrochemical energy storage. Fully printed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are gaining attention in solar cell technology. However, the use of CNPs, specifically those synthesized from different carbohydrate precursors (monosaccharide and disaccharide), in fully printed PSCs is not well-explored. This study investigates the impact of CNPs derived from sucrose, glucose, and fructose precursors on the photovoltaic performance of fully printed PSCs with FTO/TiO2/ZrO2/CNPs/Carbon structure. Incorporating CNPs into fully printed PSCs resulted in a notable increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to cells without CNPs. PSCs with CNPs derived from fructose achieved an impressive PCE of 9.67%, surpassing the 7.91% PCE observed in PSCs without the inclusion of CNPs. Electrochemical impedance spec­ troscopy (EIS) was employed to assess charge transfer at contact interfaces. The synthesized CNPs underwent comprehensive characterization through various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), and cyclic voltammetry (CV).