Malai: A Design Framework for Performative Sign Language Avatars Paradigm Shift from Communication Tool to Cultural Creative Partner

This research presents a paradigm shift in sign language avatar design through the development of 'Malai,' a realistic Thai sign language avatar that transcends the traditional role of a "language interpreter" to become a "digital artist." Malai is capable of fully engaging and conveying emotions through artistic expression in VR/AR environments. The study employed a mixed-methods Research through Design (RtD) methodology across three phases: a contextual study of the Thai Deaf community, prototype development using MetaHuman and motion capture technologies, and an evaluation in three case studies. This research is grounded in the aesthetics of Deaf artists and close collaboration with the target community. The study synthesized "Four Design Principles": (1) Expressive Legibility, (2) Approachable Aesthetics, (3) Cultural Integrity, and (4) Musicality and Synchronization. These principles were applied across three distinct case studies: an immersive sign language classroom, an AR museum guide, and a digital stage co-performer. The evaluation, involving 78 participants, showed significant results: a 34% improvement in learning efficiency (p=0.005), a 47% increase in museum visit duration (p=0.001), and the establishment of an emotional connection with 78% of the audience during live performances. The 'Malai' project expands the scope of sign language avatars from communication tools to artistic and cultural mediums, opening new dimensions in Cultural Computing and Embodied Avatar Design. This research establishes a framework applicable to the design of inclusive technologies for other Deaf communities in different cultural contexts. The work moves beyond being mere "Assistive Technology" to become "Creative Technology," creating new artistic experiences and extending the capabilities of human artists by serving as an artistic partner rather than just a tool.