Success in Transition: A Systematic Review of Multilevel Factors Influencing Industrial Vocational Students in Thailand’s Shift to the New Industrial Era

Thailand’s “Thailand 4.0” policy positions vocational education and training (TVET) as central to its
industrial transformation. Yet, critical mismatches remain between existing TVET structures, and the competencies demanded by Industry 4.0. Current research often isolates themes such as curriculum, digital skills, or industry linkage, without addressing the multilevel systemic factors shaping vocational student success-here defined as the interplay of employability, engagement, and equity. This study systematically reviewed 50 empirical and conceptual articles from Scopus, applying PRISMA 2020 guidelines and a fulltext framing matrix across seven research questions. Thematic synthesis, grounded in complexity-informed
systems thinking, revealed five key domains: future-ready competencies, digital technology integration, curriculum innovation, work-based learning, and equitable personalization. Findings emphasize recursive interactions across personal, institutional, industrial, and societal systems. A conceptual framework was developed to illustrate these interrelations. Critical gaps were identified in AIpersonalized learning, cognitive skill assessment, and rural–urban digital divides. Recommendations support synchronized reforms in policy, pedagogy, and partnershipsparticularly for underserved groups-toward inclusive, resilient TVET ecosystems aligned with Industry 4.0 and 5.0.