Reactions of C5 and C6-sugars, cellulose, and lignocellulose under hot compressed water (HCW) in the presence of heterogeneous acid catalysts
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Author list: Chareonlimkun A., Champreda V., Shotipruk A., Laosiripojana N.
Publisher: Elsevier
Publication year: 2010
Journal: Fuel: The Science and Technology of Fuel and Energy (0016-2361)
Volume number: 89
Issue number: 10
Start page: 2873
End page: 2880
Number of pages: 8
ISSN: 0016-2361
Languages: English-Great Britain (EN-GB)
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Abstract
The benefit of TiO2, ZrO2 and SO4-ZrO 2 on the reactions of C5-sugar (xylose), C 6-sugar (glucose), cellulose, and lignocellulose was studied in hot compressed water (HCW) at 473-673 K with an aim to produce furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). TiO2 and SO4-ZrO 2 were found to active for hydrolysis and dehydration reactions producing high furfural and HMF yields with less by-products (i.e. glucose, fructose, xylose, and 1,6-anhydroglucose (AHG)) formation, whereas ZrO 2 was highly active for isomerization reaction; thus significant amount of fructose was observed in the liquid product. Importantly, it was also found that the starting salt precursor, the sulfur-doping content (for SO 4-ZrO2) and the calcination temperature strongly affected the catalyst reactivity. Catalysts prepared from the chloride-based precursors (i.e. ZrOCl2 and TiCl4) gained higher reactivity compared to those prepared from nitrate-based precursors (i.e. ZrO(NO3) 2 and TiO(NO3)2) due to their greater acidity, according to the NH3- and CO2-TPD studies. For SO 4-ZrO2, among the catalyst with sulfur contents of 0.75%, 1.8% and 2.5%, SO4-ZrO2 with 1.8% sulfur content presented the highest acidity and reactivity toward hydrolysis and dehydration reactions. It is noted that the suitable calcination temperature for all catalysts was at 773 K; the XRD patterns revealed that different portions of phase formation was observed over catalysts with different calcination temperatures i.e. anatase/rutile for TiO2 and monoclinic/tetragonal for ZrO2 and SO4-ZrO2; the portion of these phase formations obviously affected the acidity-basicity of catalyst and thus the catalyst reactivity. ฉ 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords
Furfural, Hot compressed water
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