Ash and deposit characteristics from oil-palm empty-fruit-bunch (EFB) firing with kaolin additive in a pilot-scale grate-fired combustor
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Author list: Madhiyanon T., Sathitruangsak P., Sungworagarn S., Fukuda S., Tia S.
Publisher: Elsevier
Publication year: 2013
Journal: Fuel Processing Technology (0378-3820)
Volume number: 115
Start page: 182
End page: 191
Number of pages: 10
ISSN: 0378-3820
eISSN: 1873-7188
Languages: English-Great Britain (EN-GB)
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Abstract
In the present work, we studied alkali-related problems arising from oil-palm empty-fruit-bunch (EFB) combustion and investigated countermeasures to overcome these problems by using kaolin as an additive. All of the experiments were conducted in a pilot-scale grate-fired combustor (150 kWth). The composition and structure of the ash and deposit samples were investigated. In addition to pure EFB combustion, kaolin was co-fired with EFB by three different means. Kaolin was exploited at the stoichiometric amount required (8% of EFB on dry mass basis). Sintering profoundly influenced the process of the combination of Si and K to form K-silicates, which readily became molten under high-temperature combustion. Deposition intimately entailed a KCl-condensate, impeding the heat uptake by the heat transfer surfaces. Kaolin was found to be a very promising additive that could shift the equilibrium towards K-Al-silicate formation and hence remarkably discourage sintering and fouling. Complete pre-mixing of kaolin with EFB tended to be the most appropriate approach to counteract such problems. A sharp decrease in the deposit mass corresponded with a deposition flux of 4-12 g/m2h such that heat transfer to the air-water-cooled probe appeared to be unaffected. ฉ 2013 Elsevier B.V. ฉ 2013 Elsevier B.V.
Keywords
Additive, Deposits, Potassium chloride, Sintering
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